Causes of academic and behavioral difficulties among Japanese-Brazilian students: cognitive, linguistic and parental education factors

Multilingual Education

Table 1 Teachers’ ratings of participants and Mann–Whitney analysis (N = 81)

	A: Typical			B: At risk			C: Diagnostic group			Mann–Whitney ^c
	(n = 68)			(n = 6)			(n = 7)
	M	Range	SD	M	Range	SD	M	Range	SD
Age (years)	9.43	6.2–11.9	1.65	8.98	6.2–11.5	2.07	8.86	7.3–10.5	1.24	A = B = C
Academic performance^a	4.62	2–10	1.64	3.33	2–5	1.21	4.43	2–8	2.23	A > B^d,
										A = C,
										B = C
Behavioral problems^b	55.83	41–76	8.61	60.83	53–67	5.15	66.86	58–80	7.36	A < B < C^d

^aThe teachers rated the current academic performance of students using a five-point scale: 1) far below grade level; 2) somewhat below grade level; 3) at grade level; 4) somewhat above grade level; and 5) far above grade level. The subjects rated were mathematics and Japanese language (academic performance range 2–10). ^bThe clinical/borderline level of behavioral problems was set as TRF T-score ≥60 points.
^c.The Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann–Whitney) test was conducted.
^dThe p-values (<0.05) shown are the results of one-tailed tests.